Selasa, 29 Maret 2016

Linguistics - Phonetics

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PHONETICS

Phonetics is one of the branches of linguistics which study of speech sound,including the production,perception and the analysis of sounds.


Phonetics (from the Greek word phone = sound/voice) is a fundamental branch of Linguistics and itself has three different aspects:
  • Articulatory Phonetics - describes how vowels and consonants are produced or “articulated” in various parts of the mouth and throat;
  • Acoustic Phonetics - a study of how speech sounds are transmitted: when sound travels through the air from the speaker's mouth to the hearer's ear it does so in the form of vibrations in the air;
  • Auditory Phonetics - a study of how speech sounds are perceived: looks at the way in which the hearer’s brain decodes the sound waves back into the vowels and consonants originally intended by the speaker.
VOWELS
Vowel is a ​speech sound produce by ​humans when the ​breath flows out through the ​mouth without being ​blocked by the ​teeth, ​tongue, or ​lips.The letters are a,i,u,e,o and there are the IPA vowel below

[i] : Fleece
[ɪ] : Kit
[e]: face
[ɛ] : Dress
[æ]: Cat
[a] : Father
[ə] : afraid
[ɑ] : not
[ɒ] : lot
[ɔ] : thought
[ʌ] : strut
[o] : goat
[ʊ] : foot
[u] : goose 

Consonants

A consonant is a speech sound that's not a vowel. The sound of a consonant is produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by a constriction of the speech organs.
the letters are [b],[s],[k],[d],[f].[g],[j],[h],[l],[m],[n],[p],[q].[r].[s].[t].[v],[x],[z].



Place of Articulation


bilabial

The articulators are the two lips. (We could say that the lower lip is the active articulator and the upper lip the passive articulator, though the upper lip usually moves too, at least a little.) English bilabial sounds include [p], [b], and [m]. 

labio-dental

The lower lip is the active articulator and the upper teeth are the passive articulator. English labio-dental sounds include [f] and [v]. 

dental

Dental sounds involve the upper teeth as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the tongue tip or (usually) the tongue blade -- diacritic symbols can be used if it matters which. Extreme lamino-dental sounds are often called interdental. English interdental sounds include [θ] and []. 

alveolar

Alveolar sounds involve the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the tongue blade or (usually) the tongue tip -- diacritic symbols can be used if it matters which. English alveolar sounds include [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l]. 

palatal

The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the hard palate. The English glide [j] is a palatal. 

velar

The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the soft palate. English velars include [k], [g], and [n].

Glottal


This isn't strictly a place of articulation, but they had to put it in the chart somewhere. Glottal sounds are made in the larynx. For the glottal stop, the vocal cords close momentarily and cut off all airflow through the vocal tract. English uses the glottal stop in the interjection uh-uh [?^?^] (meaning 'no'). In [h], the vocal cords are open, but close enough together that air passing between them creates friction noise.

Manner of Articulation

  • Nasal - Nasal consonants are created when you completely block air flow through your mouth and let the air pass through your nose.  
  • Stop - Similar to nasal consonants, stop consonants occur when the vocal tract is closed completely, but for stops the airflow is NOT redirected through the nose.  Instead, the air quickly builds up pressure behind the articulators and then releases in a burst. 
  • Fricative - Whereas nasal and stop consonants involve a complete blockage of the vocal tract, fricative sounds involve only a partial blockage of the vocal tract so that air has to be forced through a narrow channel.
  • Affricate - When stop consonants make sweet love to fricative consonants, the bastard offspring is known as an affricate consonant.  The Affricate consonants start as stops with air building up behind an articulator which then releases through a narrow channel as a fricative (instead of a clean burst as stops do).
  • Approximant - Similar to how no one quite knows whether to classify a tomato as a fruit or a vegetable, no one quite knows whether to classify approximant sounds as vowels or consonants.  Approximants are created when two articulators come close together but not quite close enough to create air turbulence
  • Lateral - Lateral consonants are created when the tongue blocks the the middle of your mouth so that air has to pass around the sides.  There is one lateral consonant in English - /l/ - ("luck") which is created when you place the tongue at the alveolar ridge.

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