Review of four articles

Review of four articles

[1] Desi Nori Sahputri
A. Demography
Title: Theories Of Semantics : Merits and Limitation
Researcher  1 : Saleh Mustafa Ramadhan
From: Al-Zaytoonah Private University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Researcher 2:Taleb I. Ababneh
From: Irbid National University Jordan, Irbid, Jordan
Pages: 9

B. Content
the discussion will cover some of the well–known theories of meaning formulated in the last century. Mainly referential theory of meaning, non– referential theory of meaning and generative grammarian theory of meaning are discussed. Some assumptions, merits and limitations for each theory are also described.

C. Result/finding
I .The Referential Theory of Meaning
a. Meaning as the Relationship between Words and Objects
Greek philosophers say that there is a relationship between words and objects. In other words, the best way of indicating the meaning of a word is to refer to the object represented by that word.
b. Meaning as a Triangular Relationship
Ogden and Richard (1923:11) explained the meaning of a word with the help of a triangle.Reference (Thought)
Symbol Referent

The symbol is the spoken or written word; the reference is the information that the spoken or written shape of the word conveys to the reader/ hearer; and the referent is the thing or the object we talk about.
c. Bloomfield’s View of Meaning
Bloomfield (1933) stated that the context of situation was an essential part of meaning. He defined the meaning of a linguistic form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer.
II .The Non–Referential Theory of Meaning
The non–referential approach as suggested by its name doesn’t take into consideration the context of situations or the reference in determining what meaning is. There is a relationship between language and the outside world because language doesn’t exist in vacuum. Therefore, this may indicate a weakness in this theory.
III .The Generative Grammarian Theory
This approach was based on the assumption that syntactic rules operate independently of meaning. Chomsky and others believe that changing the active into passive structures does not change the meaning of the sentence.

D. Strength and Weakness
Strength : The author put some theory which is useful or may be able to be used by reader
Weakness : The authors do not put example for each theory and the author already state that the theories has weakness
E Conclusion
The researcher has discussed the main principles of three well–known theories of meaning, namely the referential theory to meaning, the non–referential theory to meaning and the generative grammarian theory to meaning.

[2] Nabila Firda Asy’ari
A. Demography
Title : Semantics and Theories of Semantics
Author: Abbas Bukhari
Pages: 15

B. Content
This article shared what semantic is and what semantic difficult. The author also discuss different aspect of meaning.
C. Result/Finding
Meaning
can be any of the following:
1. An intrinsic property of some thing
2. Other words related to that word in a dictionary
3. The connotations of a word (that is discussed below)
4. The thing to which the speaker of that word refers
5. The thing to which the speaker of that word should refer
6. The thing to which the speaker of that word believes himself to be referring
7. The thing to which the hearer of that word believes is being referred to.
These definitions refer to many different ways in which meaning is understood. One
reason for the range of definitions of meaning is that words (or signs) in a language are
of different types. Meaning can be lexical or grammatical meaning

D. Strength amd Weakness
Strength : all discussion is clearly stated and also the author marks the important information like example and so on

E. Conclusion
The problem of ‘meaning’ is quite difficult; it is because of its toughness that some
linguists went on to the extent of excluding semantics from linguistics. A well-known
structuralist made the astonishing statement that ‘linguistic system of a language does
not include the semantics. The system is abstract, it is a signaling system, and as soon as
we study semantics we are no longer studying language but the semantic system
associated with language.

[3] Annisa Septiani
A. Demography
Title : Modern Linguistics semantics
Author : Kate Kearns
From: University of  Canterbury, New Zealand

B. Content
This article share about the kinds of semantic and what it deals. Semantics deals with the literal meaning of words and the
meaning of the way they are combined, which taken together form the core of meaning,
or the starting point from which the whole meaning of a particular utterance is
constructed.

C. Results/Finding
This article share the kinds of meaning
Denotation and sense
There are two most basic ways of giving the meaning of words or longer expressions.
The first and most simple way is to present examples of what the word denotes. The second way of giving the meaning of a word, commonly used in dictionaries, is to
paraphrase it,

Lexical and Structural Meaning

The meaning of a complex expression such as a sentence is composed of lexicalmeaning, which is the meaning of the individual words, and structural meaning which is the meaning of the way the words are combined.

Structural meaning mainly comprises the meaning derived from the syntactic structure
of an expression
Categorematic and Syncategorematic Expressions

The distinction between categorematic and syncategorematic expressions applies to
individual words, rather than phrases. Meaningful inflections can also be included here,
as they are syncategorematic.

Categorematic expressions, which include the vast majority of words, are the descriptive words such as nouns, adjectives and verbs. Syncategorematic words are all the rest, including the examples here. as, some, because, for, to, although, if, since, and, most, all,

D. Strength and Weakness
Strength : This article share the information from superficial to deep and going deeper, so taht make us get all the knowledge
Weaakness : even it shares deep, there are some sub topic which is not clearly explained

E. Concluison
This article will mainly concentrate on literal meaning, the content of words and This
Article will mainly concentrate on literal meaning, the content of words and expressions
which is fairly constant from one occasion of use to another.

[4] Ratna Sari

A.Demography

Title: Semantics
Posted by: Abdullah Cglyn
Pages: 14

B. Content
This artcile present about hte meaning of semantic and relation with other part of linguistics. Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences

C. Result/Finding
Subfields of semantics are;
Lexical Semantics is concerned with the meaning of words, and the meaning relationships among words.
Phrasal or Sentential Semantics is concerned with the meaning of syntactic units larger than the word.
Pragmatics is the study of how context and situation affect meaning.
Based on meaning :  Conceptual Meaning: Conceptual meaning covers those basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word. Associative Meaning is the type of meaning that people might connect with the use of words. The associative meaning of an expression has to do with individual mental understandings of the speaker.
Truth- Conditinal Semantics
Truth-conditional semantics is a theory of meaning that takes semantic knowledge of knowing when sentences are true or false as basic. It is the study of conditions under which a statement can be judged true or false. It is also called compositional semantics because it calculates the truth value of a sentence by composing, or putting together, the meaning of smaller units.
Principle Of Compositionality
The Principle of Semantic Compositionality (sometimes called Frege’s Principle) is the principle that states that the meaning of a complex word, phrase or sentence is determined by the meaning of its parts and how they are combined structurally

D. Strength and Weakness
  Strength : this article is easy to understand, simple words, and interesting to read. It covers almost about semantic
Weakness : too many words that makes reader bored.

E. Conclusion
Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences and semantics also involve other part of linguistics